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30 août

如何成为明星工程师

How to be a Star Engineer
Robert E. Kelley, Carnegie Mellon University

Robert E. Kelley, "How to be a star engineer," IEEE Spectrum, pp. 51-58, Oct. 1999.

翻譯:馬仕毅

摘錄部份

[Problem]

貝爾實驗室由全世界最好的大學中聘用了最優秀,最聰明的畢業生,然而, 最後只有少數的人真正發揮他們的潛力而成為卓越的工程師。大部分的新進人員發展成可以穩定地完成任務的執行者,生產力並沒有特別突出,無法幫助貝爾實驗室在提昇AT&T的市場競爭力方面,做出顯著的貢獻。

貝爾實驗室想要知道的是:傑出的工程師和普通的工程師到底有什麼不同?

[background]
在現今的職場中,資源越來越少,工作的要求卻越來越多。全球化的競爭,購併風氣,企業裁員使得每位員工所承擔的責任越來越重大,而可利用的資源卻比以前少。環顧你的四周,和五年前比較,那位不是比以前工作更努力,工時更長? 誰不是待完成的工作一堆,好多的電話和電子郵件還沒回? 大家都在暗自擔心,如果不能再提高生產力,下一個被裁員的會不會是自己?每個人都聽過:更聰明地工作(work smarter),只是似乎沒人知道那是什麼意思。

[ 誰主導了成功]
為了要分出表現平平的表現優異的員工的主要差異,我們請教了高階主管,中階主管,工程師,以及其他研究者的看法。由這些結果中,我們累積了45個主管們及工程師們都覺得會影響傑出表現的主要因素。大致上可以分為四大類:

一、認知類的因素:比較高的智商,邏輯推理能力,及創意。
二、個性因素:自信,野心,勇氣,以及是否相信可以控制自己的命運。
三、社交因素:人際關係,領導能力。
四、工作及組織因素:與主管的關係,工作成就感,對於薪資及獎金的態度。

令人困惑的是,經過兩年的研究,我們的資料顯示不論是認知因素,個性因素,社交因素,或是工作及組織因素都無法作為分辨出傑出表現的有效因素。對於上面列的所有傳統因素,無論是單獨或是合併分析,答案都是一樣:無法藉以分辨出普通工程師和傑出工程師。我們用了十幾種比較資料的方式,將電腦分析應用到極限,然而,每次的執行結果都讓我們當時覺得:我們的分析方法一定是有什麼嚴重的錯誤。我們找不到任何一個可以分辨一個人是否會有傑出表現的因素。

[本研究貢獻]
我們研究結果的長期效應是打破了一般人對於傑出表現的迷思。而事實上,在我們之後的研究發現:其他的因素也有其影響力。只是大部分的工程師在進入職場時,早已具有足夠的潛力可以表現得卓越非凡,然而最後卻成就普通。成就傑出表現的原因並不在他們擁有什麼,而在於他們如何應用他們所擁有的特質。傑出表現之謎其實在於如何將他們的天分轉換成生產力:就好像將位能轉換成動能一樣。我們的結論是:傑出的表現是努力得來的,與天份無關。(Stars are made, not born.)

[無生產力員工身上常見的錯誤]
1.沒有採取主動積極的態度. Paper中舉例: 不到實驗室參與工作與幫助同伴.
2.對整個組織重要性不高的方面主動積極. Paper中舉例: 規劃年度野餐、共同出遊或是號召同仁去捐血

[通往傑出之路的方法 - 九個工作策略]
1. 閃亮的軌跡 (Blazing trails)
只有特定的行為才能讓別人覺得你主動積極。主動積極的真正意涵是:主動追求超過自己職權範圍的更大責任,同時仍然能夠完成自己的主要任務。能夠額外付出心力來幫助其他同事或團隊。然而,在我們的研究中,傑出的工程師都堅信:雖然他們非常期望夠主動積極地做出巨大的貢獻,但日常中的小貢獻,日復一日地累積起來,也可能造成同樣的影響力。傑出的工程師同時也相信,你可以主動做出貢獻的程度會和你的經驗直接相關。

我們發現,對於任何一個有競爭力的專業工作者團隊,新進人員必須展現主動積極的精神。這樣的態度不只會讓主管感到滿意,更重要的是,你的同事和客戶也會因此而欣賞你的表現。同事們期望中的工作夥伴不會將自己侷限在職務說明書中所列舉的任務中。因為他們知道,如果一個新進的人員的工作份量比自己少,自己就要承擔更多的責任。他們需要能夠延伸自己責任範圍的工作夥伴,提供客戶更好的服務,或是更能應付市場的迅速改變。客戶們也會期望他們所接觸的員工具有這些特質。如果一個新進人員沒有辦法滿足這些期望,被歸類為生產力不足的員工,無法對整個團隊做出正面的貢獻。


2.知道該問誰 (Knowing who knows)
一般的員工對於建立人際關係網路的想法僅止於有管道可以得知最新的辦公室八卦與歡樂時光,或者是和獵人頭公司的主管保持聯絡,以便於日後可以進行轉職。

傑出的工程師知道,目前社會資訊過載的程度已經使得很少人具備完成工作所需的所有資訊。他們可能具備50-80%的知識,但是除非有辦法能夠將剩下的部份補起來,否則他們的工作就無法順利完成。事先和各領域的專家建立可靠的雙向聯絡管道,可以藉由彼此的幫助完成手邊的重要任務。建立這個網路的主要的目的,是希望盡可能地降低本身的知識不足以勝任新工作的機會。一般人則比較常得到錯誤的資訊,通常是因為問錯人,或是知道答案的專家並不在他的人際關係網路中。他們可能因而被誤導,或是繼續盲目摸索。

3. 主動的自我管理 (Proactive self-management)
傑出的工程師們知道主動自我管理的真正內涵決不只是時程及計畫管理。這兩項是每個員工都應該做到,而且是公司付錢請他們完成的。傑出的工程師的工作策略在於主動地創造機會,影響工作上的決策,增加團體的利益。

4.掌握全局 (Getting the big picture)
傑出工程師反而時常跳脫自己的角度而以許多不同的觀點來看事情。傑出工程師的觀點是由累積足夠的經驗而發展出來的判斷模式。

5.正確地追隨 (The right kind of followership)
傑出的工程師相信,副手的真義在於專心做出幫助。他們主動而且積極地投入對組織(及主管)的成功有幫助的事,同時,對於該做什麼及如何做,他們可以做出獨立而決定性的判斷。失敗的副手在被動的完成(或未完成)命令之後,會丟下自己的工作同伴或主管,優先執行自己的休閒活動.一個好的追隨者可以主動的和主管充分配合,來達成整個組織的目標,即使他和主管之間的個性及工作文化並不相同。

6. 團隊合作 (Teamwork as joint ownership of a project)
一般的員工所了解的團隊合作是在計畫進行中或是解決問題時和他人合作,並且做好自己的部份。傑出的工程師對團隊合作有更高一層的看法。他們將之視為一連串複雜的技巧,包含了參與設定共有的計畫目標,團隊承諾,工作紀律,時程,處理衝突,及分享團隊成就。

7. 小領導者的領導風格 (Small-l leadership)
傑出的員工則將領導能力視為一種工作策略,運用於自己的專業能力及影響力來說服一群人團結起來,一起完成重要的工作。

8. 精明 (Street smarts)
一般人多半太專注在討人喜歡,以為這樣是在職場中快速升遷的方法。他們要不就是對於辦公室內的政治問題太過關心,要不就是故意裝作完全不在乎。傑出的員工知道何時該避免衝突,何時該不逃避的正面對決。

9. 呈現 (Show and tell)
一般員工認為呈現就是利用炫目的簡報,長篇的備忘錄,或是公開展示自己的成果來吸引管理階層的注意。他們的重心擺在自己的形象以及自己所要傳達的訊息,而不是擺在聽眾。

呈現的重要性是無法迴避的。一位專業人員如果無法有效地以簡報的方式傳達自己的想法給其他的人,在現今的職場中要生存是相當艱苦的。對於大多數的知識工作者而言,這裡討論的重點並不是大型的演說,像比爾蓋茲在超大型的會議中心以最先進的多媒體設備及電腦特效所做的展示。而是針對在公司內部的小型會議室中,對5至20位聽眾所做的簡報。簡報的聽眾多半是同事,上司,或是客戶。而內容多半是技術性的或是與產品相關的議題。

對傑出的專業人員而言,簡報準備的過程比較複雜。我們的研究觀察到呈現的表達方式會逐漸修正,由單純的傳達資訊轉變為對訊息的塑造。傑出的工程師通常精通將訊息傳達給特定的對象,說服聽眾接受所要表達內容,及事先對可能產生的批評做出準備的能力。一般人最常見的錯誤會發生在由單純的資訊傳達,提升到試圖運用這個訊息發揮影響力時。在這個過程中,他們聽眾的組成已經大不相同了。然而,他們呈現的風格及的結構卻維持和原來一樣。


[成為閃亮的明星]
我們對於我們的生產力提昇計畫做了長期的成效評估。觀察工程師們在學習了這些工作策略之前和之後生產力的差異。參與訓練計畫前後的生產力差異平均值可以達到400%。這個訓練計畫的成功驗證了我們研究的主要發現。傑出的表現是努力得來的,與天份無關。把重心放在正確的事上,而不是無意義的瑣事,有效率的完成工作。
25 août

残念...

昨晚边看A类阅读边看超女(自然是被迫看的...只有一个电视...), 发现在某某赛区的第一名叫某某的短信投票达到了28万多. 问题在于, 电视屏幕上很清楚的写着: 短信投票1元/条, 也就是说, 光是她的fans短信投票的钱,已经够我出国读书1年了...
 
残念...
 
果然,这年头,挣钱就要去挣大众的钱呀!
 
Liku Hong, Gang Ba De Ku Da Sai! (我还是有点想学日语...)
17 août

证书入手

不枉费我只要看到是QualityTraining就去报名的努力呀, 那么下面继续拿进阶的证书
15 août

GTD Prayer

无意中在这里发现的,太搞笑了~

当然, 要理解这个,需要你知道点GTD的知识和Christian的背景,不过还是太好玩了,抄下来

The GTD Prayer

Our lifehacks, which art in contexts,
Inbox zero be thy aim.
Thy Kinkless done.
Thy Mind Sweep fun, in @work as it is in @honeydo.
Give us this day our next action.
And forgive us our open loops, as we forgive those who delete our email.
And lead us not into web surfing.
Deliver us from IM.
For thine is the Moleskine, the Project and the Due Date
For someday/maybe,
Allen.

10 août

威尼斯商人

夏洛克的名句:
 
“他曾经羞辱过我,夺去我几十万块钱的生意,讥笑着我的亏蚀,挖苦着我的盈余,侮蔑我的民族,破坏我的买卖,离间我的朋友,煽动我的仇敌;他的理由是什么?只因为我是一个犹太人。难道犹太人没有眼睛吗?难道犹太人没有五官四肢、没有知觉、没有感情、没有血气吗?他不是吃着同样的食物,同样的武器可以伤害他,同样的医药可以疗治他,冬天同样会冷,夏天同样会热,就像一个基督徒一样吗?你们要是用刀剑刺我们,我们不是也会出血的吗?你们要是搔我们的痒,我们不是也会笑起来的吗?你们要是用毒药谋害我们,我们不是也会死的吗?那么要是你们欺侮了我们,我们难道不会复仇吗?”
5 août

Ruby, rUby, ruBy, rubY!

宣布正式开始研究Ruby, 纯正的OO语言, 我喜欢.
提到Ruby不得不提到Ruby on Rails, 号称能在15min作出一个blog系统的优秀框架, 感兴趣的是其中的ActiveRecord模式, 把DB常见的操作都封装好了.
 
另外Yaml这个xml的替代品在Ruby里面也用的蛮多的, 恩恩, 可以玩的东西又多了一个
2 août

Best Practices -> Team Process: Problem Solving

Issue Diagnosis: The following are typical symptoms of teams that score low on this survey item.

* Problems are not addressed and issues do not get attention until they have a negative impact on team performance.
* There is no consensus on the team as to how problems should be addressed and solved.
* Some members seem reluctant to tell the other members about the problems they are having with their segment of the project.
* Some members seem to be constantly talking about problems but do not offer any constructive ideas as to how to solve them or take initiative to overcome them.
* Team members' expectations vary greatly regarding the level of involvement they want the team leader to take in solving problems.
* Some members are very concerned about certain issues, while others do not consider them problematic or worth spending time discussing as a group.

Teams often have a hard time reaching a compromise on how they will deal with problems. Some members may want to talk openly and directly about a problem while others are not comfortable even admitting that there is a problem. The team needs to find a process that works for all members.

In some cultures people are apt to address a problem head on to try to figure out what is causing it and how it can best be solved. Others may not feel comfortable with this style and would prefer to drop subtle hints to let team members know that a problem exists.

Trouble arises, for example, when members of the team who are unaware of these subtleties do not pick up on those hints. The members who are trying to give the clues may not know how else to convey their message and become frustrated with other team members lack of comprehension.

Team members from more hierarchical societies will most likely think that it is the leader's job to step in and resolve major problems. They might feel that they are primarily responsible for the piece of the project that requires their specialized expertise, and will not go beyond that role.

People from other cultures may believe that their job is to do whatever it takes to make things work, including solving unanticipated problems without specific instructions or guidance. Thus if an issue surfaces on the team, one member will hesitate to take initiative without input from team leadership, whereas another will want to address it right away.

Action Item: Create a procedure for resolving problems among team members.

Make Team Members Aware of Different Problem-solving Styles
Multicultural teams need to be particularly aware of the different approaches - e.g., direct or indirect - that members may apply to problem solving. Taking a vote to decide on one style or another is not advisable. If there is an imbalance in preferred styles among team members, it may be necessary for the minority members to do more accommodating. However, the team should consider what is going to work best in the long run and find a creative way problem-solving style that combines elements of different approaches.

Clarify Roles and Responsibilities
Clarifying roles and responsibilities will help team members to understand if they can take the initiative to solve problems or if the team has established a different process for dealing with them.

Clarify Team Leader Expectations
The team leader must express his or her own expectations about how problems should be solved. In many cases it is the fact that these expectations are assumed rather than explained that leads to further misunderstandings and problems among team members.

Establish Shared Problem-solving Practices
Regardless of the particular approach that team members choose to take, there are several general problem-solving principles that are effective for multicultural groups:

* Refrain from leaping to quick negative judgments about other team members.
* Describe as objectively as possible the specific behaviors that contribute to the problem.
* Seek various interpretations of those behaviors, including interpretations from people who are familiar with the cultural background of the people involved. Assume good intentions to start with, and try to understand the motivations of team members on their own terms.
* Reevaluate the problem and the people involved based on the new information and knowledge gleaned from seeing the situation from various perspectives and hearing the viewpoints expressed.
* Find a way to refocus everyone on common goals and shared interests.

Solving Problems on Global Teams by Analyzing Cross-Cultural Interactions
The following three-step exercise - Observed Behaviors / Multicultural Interpretations / Informed Judgment - can be a useful method of analyzing cross-cultural interactions on global teams. The key is to initially withhold judgment, thoughtfully check our interpretations within the framework of the cultures involved, and then make an informed judgment and determine what action steps will lead to the desired outcome.

1. Observed Behaviors: Describe an incident or situation you remember where a misunderstanding or miscommunication occurred on the job between persons from different cultures. Be as descriptive as possible: What behaviors did you observe? What did the people involved say or do?

2. Multicultural Interpretations: Analyze the interaction and consider the possible interpretations or reasons for the behaviors. How did cultural differences impact the misunderstanding? What meanings could the different behaviors have in the context of the cultures of the people involved? Were there different expectations or assumptions about proper behavior on the job or how work is done?

3. Informed Judgment: Being mindful of the possible interpretations, make an informed judgment about what happened or did not happen which resulted in the miscommunication or misunderstanding. If you were involved, how would you judge your behavior from the perspective of your culture? How appropriate was your behavior from the perspective of the other person's culture?
1 août

BKAB

V for Vendetta的片尾曲中,第二只印度曲风听起来蛮有趣,但是不知道叫甚么名字,于是开始search:

第一个反应是去看V for Vendetta的Soundtrack
1. 去www.answers.com找V for Vendetta的条目,查soundtrack无果

2. 由answer转到Wikipedia的V for Vendetta电影条目,顺利发现以下描述:
Three songs were played during the ending credits which were not included on the V for Vendetta soundtrack.

The first was "Street Fighting Man" by the Rolling Stones.

The second was a special version of
Ethan Stoller's "BKAB". In keeping with revolutionary tone of the film, excerpts from "On Black Power" by black nationalist leader Malcolm X, and from "Address to the Women of America" by feminist-writer Gloria Steinem were added to the song. Gloria Steinem can be heard saying: "This is no simple reform... It really is a revolution. Sex and race, because they are easy and visible differences, have been the primary ways of organizing human beings into superior and inferior groups and into the cheap labor on which this system still depends."

The final song was "Out of Sight" by Spiritualized. Also in the film were segments from two of Antonio Carlos Jobim's classic bossa nova songs, "The Girl From Ipanema" and "Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars". These songs were played during the "breakfast scenes" with V and Dietrich and were one of the ways used to tie the two characters together. Beethoven's Symphony No.5 also plays an important role in the film, with the first four notes of the song signifying the letter "V" in Morse code. Gordon Dietrich's Benny Hill-styled comedy sketch of Chancellor Sutler includes the "Yakety Sax" theme. Amusingly, Inspector Finch's alarm clock begins 5 November with the song "Long Black Train" by Richard Hawley, which contains the foreshadowing lyrics "Ride the long black train... take me home black train."

3. 现在就好办了,我要找的曲子叫 "BKAB",是个叫Ethan Stoller作曲家的特别Mix版本.Google BKAB,发现网上对这个曲子感兴趣的人还蛮多,专门有个FAQ页面.

4. 在FAQ发现了Ethan Stoller的myspace,以及购买BKAB的网页. 只需要0.99$, 就下手买了顺便试试paypal是怎么玩的. 不过比较麻烦的是, 因为电影里面的mix版引用了别人的speeches, Ethan他不是很清楚版权的问题, 所以现在我拿到的只是Speechless版, 不过他也有说:"Anyone who buys the Speechless mix will receive the full version for free if/when I clear the rights."
老外的版权意识不得不佩服, 希望这个问题能早日搞定,因为speechless版它就不好听呀! (FAQ有说是在june初回去解决但是现在都8月了还没个动静...)

就此search宣告结束, 恩, 因为版权问题我就不放出mp3了, 大家可以到Ethan的网页上去在线听